Urban parks serve as vital catalysts for enhancing urban vitality. Propelled by the park-city integration paradigm and green space accessibility initiatives, research on urban park operations has emerged as a pivotal focus in contemporary urban governance. Through a systematic literature review, this study conducts a comprehensive examination of three critical dimensions: the structural organization of operational elements, the taxonomic classifi cation of dominant operational models, and strategic decision-making frameworks. The principal fi ndings reveal that: (1) Current governance frameworks demonstrate excessive reliance on governmental administrative dominance, manifesting three salient constraints: fi scal overdependence, spatial resource misallocation, and operational modality defi ciencies; (2) By employing stakeholder analysis and element deconstruction, we establish a multi-agent operational system encompassing the operational targets, implementation entities, regulatory bodies, and benefi ciary groups (urban residents/visitors); (3) Operational paradigms exhibit tripartite diff erentiation: government-dominant, market-driven, and hybrid models. Their practical applicability depends on multivariate interactions among park resource endowments, regional economic indices, and market penetration thresholds. (4) Applying a supply-demand equilibrium framework, strategic optimization necessitates dual-pathway interventions: supply-side institutional innovations synergized with demand- side precision management, thereby achieving Pareto effi ciency in spatial resource utilization and pu blic service quality enhancement.