The cultural landscape in rural station settlements on the Chinese Eastern Railway (C.E.R.) is a typical representative of the cultural landscape along the C.E.R.. Still, it has been under severe conservation pressure in recent years. To achieve the holistic conservation of the C.E.R. rural heritage, this research explores spatial differences from two perspectives: the interior of the built environment of the settlement and the relationship between the built environment and natural space, focuses on the production-living-ecology space and analyzes the spatial characteristics and evolution mechanism of the cultural landscape through combining sDNA spatial network analysis and viewshed analysis. The results show that rural station settlements initially covered multiple landscape areas, and the mountain landscape has remained the core ecological feature throughout their evolution. The early production and living spaces were concentrated in the settlement, forming a layout feature known as “one line and two groups”. Under the influence of rural society, the current production space has shifted to the agricultural space outside the settlement, while the settlement space has become primarily a residential area. In terms of spatial attributes, contemporary spaces have better traffic connectivity; in terms of visual relationships, historical spaces are more closely related to natural spaces. On the surface, the historical space and contemporary space of the cultural landscape of rural settlements along the Middle East Railway are separated and do not expand according to the historical pattern, reflecting the different choices of local planning ideas and foreign planning ideas.