The rapid development of urbanization affects urban ecosystems and threatens urban biodiversity. Urban ecological networks effectively ensure ecological processes, maintain ecological security, and enhance urban ecosystem services. Scientifically constructing a biodiversity conservation spatial network is necessary to guarantee and improve biodiversity levels. Based on bird spatial distribution points, meteorological data, land use, vegetation index, and night light index data in the central urban area of Shanghai, this study identified suitable bird habitats through species distribution models, selected ecological sources, and constructed a bird activity resistance surface. It also simulated the creation of ecological corridors for bird diversity conservation in central Shanghai by the least-cost path model. The study shows that: (1) The proportion of buildings and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) are the most critical factors affecting bird distribution, and the smaller the proportion of building area and the higher the NDVI will achieve the higher the habitat suitability for birds; (2) The 60 identified ecological sources have an average centrality of 321.98, mainly located in the outer ring green belt and wedge-shaped green areas, covering a total area of 4 975.47 hm2, accounting for 55.26% of all high-suitability areas, among which the largest patch area being 431.73 hm2; (3) Urban central activity areas with a higher proportion of buildings, frequent human activities, and relatively less vegetation cover have higher bird migration resistance, and the outer ring green belt is crucial to the overall connectivity of the ecological network. The study provides a new perspective and scientific support for urban biodiversity protection and ecological spatial pattern optimization, which is significant for urban ecological planning and sustainable development.