Park green spaces and road green spaces are typical forms of urban ecological corridors. Park green spaces and road green spaces in Shanghai were selected as research objects. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze soil fungal diversity characteristics. The results showed that there were nine major fungal groups in the soil of typical urban ecological corridors in Shanghai, among which Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota were the dominant fungi in the soil of typical urban ecological corridors in Shanghai, with relative abundances of 59.5%, 14.9%, and 14.2%, respectively. There were 91 genera and 144 species or groups at the species level of plant pathogenic fungi in the soil of typical urban ecological corridors in Shanghai. There were 48 genera and 35 species or groups at the species level of soil-borne pathogenic fungi, with Fusarium being the most abundant pathogenic fungi at the genus level and Fusarium solani being the most abundant pathogenic fungi at the species level or closely related groups at the species level, respectively. There were significant differences in soil fungal communities and pathogenic fungal communities between park and road green spaces. There were substantial differences in the microbial communities of Mortierella, Talaromyces, Guehomyces, Trichobotrys, Metrohizium, Mycoarachis, Cytofilobasidium, Penicillium, Gibberella, and Curvularia between park and road green spaces. Soil pH, EC, total potassium, available potassium, exchangeable sodium, total lead, and total copper were the main factors affecting the composition of soil-borne plant pathogenic fungal communities.